This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. Then, let it dry for a few minutes and add a layer of niacinamide. Action of tyrosinase on alpha and beta-arbutin: A kinetic study Hydroquinone is effective for melasma and dark spots but also has serious side effects, whereas alpha-arbutin doesnt. The molecular structure of tyrosinase was taken from the Protein Databank (PDB ID:2Y9W, Chain A) [55], corresponding to the deoxy form of tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus. By using our site, you agree to our. Grace Day Published 27th November 2019 0000002952 00000 n
ALPHA-ARBUTIN reduces the degree of skin . Docking of -arbutin to mushroom tyrosinase has previously been reported to occur at the active site, where it interacts with E256 and N260. Eric holds a BA in English from the University of Illinois at Chicago, and an MEd in secondary education from DePaul University. S3 Fig. Let's just say, we wouldn't be surprised if alpha arbutin starts popping up all over beauty shelves in the near future. The experimental conditions were [E]0 = 300 nM, [H2O2]0 = 10 mM and [-arbutin]0 = 0.5 mM. The following mechanisms are proposed to explain the action of and -arbutin on the monophenolase and diphenolase activities of tyrosinase (S12 and S13 Figs, respectively), based on the above results. Amazon.com: Alpha Arbutin Powder Citation: Garcia-Jimenez A, Teruel-Puche JA, Berna J, Rodriguez-Lopez JN, Tudela J, Garcia-Canovas F (2017) Action of tyrosinase on alpha and beta-arbutin: A kinetic study. /okv7@^83Tf3l(_fkI8NNZl[m- 1B)d!Z+b0U8U'2nG! It treats but also prevents discoloration. Because it's the answer to the brighter, more even skin tone you've been dreaming of for years. [4], Bearberry extract is used in skin lightening treatments designed for long term and regular use. It reduces melanin formation, improving the appearance of age spots, freckles, melasma, and post-inflammatory pigmentation. Scripps Howard News Service. Polar interactions and hydrogen bonds are shown as black dotted lines. He was the winner of the Paul Carroll award for outstanding achievement in creative writing in 2014, and he was a featured reader at the Poetry Foundations Open Door Reading Series in 2015. [8] The German Institute of Food Research in Potsdam found that intestinal bacteria can transform arbutin into hydroquinone, which creates an environment favorable for intestinal cancer.[9]. It is interesting that the phenolic groups of -arbutin (Fig 8) and -arbutin (S11 Fig) show similar interactions at the catalytic site of tyrosinase. Basically, it works as a tyrosinase inhibitor to eliminate the pigment that causes dark spots, leading to brightening effects. The need for a safer option is important. Along with helping with dark spots and sun damage, users say that it helps plump fine lines and gives their skin a better tone. eGtdPKjtl=XM4Sv)@K)Ur4\]B3Vvc:qhc Alpha arbutin is a naturally occurring chemical that is primarily found in bearberry plants. Total oxygen consumption test (L-tyrosine). Graphical representation of the LineweaverBurk equation showing the inhibition of the monophenolase activity of tyrosinase in the presence of -arbutin 3 mM. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. 0000002107 00000 n
Your skin should be clean and dry before applying. Goldnskin. The specific wavelengths used to detect the compounds were 195, 210, 280, 340, 400, 450, 475 and 500 nm [51]. dSFdlAY*_C%
MWCHAv&Vid2:[j1/We5,
endstream
endobj
41 0 obj
<< /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 338 /Height 334 /BitsPerComponent 1
/ImageMask true /Length 902 /Filter /CCITTFaxDecode /DecodeParms << /K -1 /Columns 338 >> >>
stream
Tyrosinase is an enzyme that regulates this conversion. Alpha arbutin is a skin lightening ingredient that is known for its ability to lighten hyperpigmentation, prevent new hyperpigmentation from forming and is used as a skin brightening agent. Less tyrosine and less melanin leads to lesser pigmentation, dark spots, and a more even complexion. Alpha arbutin, also called Hydroquinone -D-glucopyranoside, is a naturally occurring antioxidant and skin brightener that is naturally found in the bearberry plant. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. % of people told us that this article helped them. Arbutin is a glycoside; a glycosylated hydroquinone extracted from the bearberry plant in the genus Arctostaphylos among many other medicinal plants, primarily in the family Ericaceae. The Ordinary Alpha Arbutin 2% + HA Boosted with hyaluronic acid to improve its absorption, this light serum delivers a dose of hydration alongside its skin-brightening benefits. You can use it before you add other creams, oils or moisturizers. The samples were filtered to remove possible particles, and injected (20 l) in a Kinetex Core Shell C-18 column (Phenomenex, Torrance) for reversed phase of 100 x 4.60 mm, 2.6 m particle size and 100 pore size with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Moreover, Alpha-Arbutin hardly inhibited cell growth at 1 mmol/L, while Beta-Arbutin inhibits it significantly at the same concentration. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, http://www.nardev.com/UploadSection/ProdCat-481-1449729649.pdf, https://www.nps.gov/articles/2wayspurifywater.htm, https://www.dsm.com/personal-care/en_US/events-and-news/press-releases/2015/07-29-alpha-arbutin-safe-for-use.html, https://www.unitconverters.net/volume/drop-to-milliliter.htm. The experimental conditions were [E]0 = 50 nM and [-arbutin]0 = 1 mM. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. B. Stoichiometry of the sequence of reactions that lead to the formation of MBTH-o-quinone adduct. This product also contains Hyaluronic acid, why this acid is one of my favorite products to use, you can read about here. In light of the kinetic mechanism for the monophenolase and diphenolase activities of tyrosinase proposed in the bibliography [1], this double effect led us to carry out a deeper study of and -arbutin. 0000036434 00000 n
Moreover, the degree of inhibition did not reach 100% in either case. Kinetic constants for the apparent inhibition of -arbutin and -arbutin on tyrosinase. 26 0 obj
<<
/Linearized 1
/O 29
/H [ 1129 310 ]
/L 111306
/E 70331
/N 4
/T 110668
>>
endobj
xref
26 26
0000000016 00000 n
Since arbutin is water soluble, it should mix quite easily into the lotion or cream. Just remember that consistency is key to really see benefits. Side effects of using high concentration arbutin can include skin irritation, sun sensitivity, or redness. The known derivatives from hydroquinone, and -arbutin, are used as depigmenting agents. To do this, you would buy the powder and then carefully dissolve it in water first. It's generally great for all skin types but should be avoided if you're a soon-to-be or nursing mama. The experimental conditions were [E]0 = 100 nM, [-arbutin]0 = 20 mM and DMF 2%. Meski begitu, ada pula alpha arbutin alami yang ditemukan dalam berbagai tanaman dan buah-buahan. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. It has a natural whitening quality that makes it ideal for creams and lotions if you want to achieve lighter skin or cover blemishes. although there are also claims that arbutin reduces cancer risk. It's been proven to be more stable and work faster . Below are our picks for some of the best products with this ingredient and a few things to know about each. Conversely, a clear difference can be seen in the glycosyl moiety orientation of both ligands (Fig 8 and S11 Fig), which form hydrogen bonds with E322 from hydroxyl groups of C4 and C6 of the glucopyranose ring. And thankfully, there are a variety of products at very reasonable prices from The Ordinary Alpha Arbutin 2% HA ($10) and Typology Pigment Stain Serum Alpha Arbutin 2% + lemon extract ($22), making this brightener very budget-friendly, compared to several other dark spot corrector products. Korean Skin Care Kojic Acid Serum Alpha Arbutin Serum - amazon.com Its a tyrosinase competitive inhibitor. The Ordinary has an especially good alpha-arbutin product, but there are others as well. "This article has helped me to understand how to make alpha arbutin solution and how to properly measure and add it. 2% . Representation of iD (degree of inhibition of the diphenolase activity) vs. the concentration of -arbutin. In this work, we demonstrate that the oxy form of tyrosinase (oxytyrosinase) hydroxylates and -arbutin in ortho position of the phenolic hydroxyl group, giving rise to a complex formed by met-tyrosinase with the hydroxylated or -arbutin. The experimental conditions were [E]0 = 50 nM and R = [L-dopa]0 / [L-tyrosine]0 = 0.042. . Funding: This work was supported by the Fundacin Seneca (CARM, Murcia, Spain) under Projects 19545/PI/14, 19304/PI/14 and 19240/PI/14; MINECO under Projects SAF2016-77241-R and CTQ2014-56887-P (Co-financing with Fondos FEDER); and University of Murcia, Murcia under Projects UMU15452 and UMU17766. Alpha Arbutin is a natural antioxidant derived from the Bearberry plant. If you struggle with post-blemishes . Structurally, ALPHA-ARBUTIN (IUPAC name: 4-hydroxyphenyl--D-glucopyranoside) is an . So what does that mean? 0000006276 00000 n
The stability of the MBTH-quinone adducts and the rapidity of the kinetic assays makes this a suitable method for determining the monophenolase and diphenolase activities of tyrosinase [40,41,44,45] (S1A Fig). Alpha Arbutin is much stronger in effect than Arbutin or Beta Arbutin. Arbutin as a Skin Depigmenting Agent with Antimelanogenic and - MDPI What is Alpha-Arbutin? This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, Agency responsible for the maintenance and promotion of national parks and monuments, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/bd\/Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-4.jpg\/v4-460px-Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-4.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/b\/bd\/Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-4.jpg\/aid11678782-v4-728px-Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-4.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. The high performance liquid chromatography assays were made using an Agilent 1200 Rapid Resolution coupled with a photodiode detector (UHPLC-DAD). Youre not going to see benefits overnight. Group of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain. Spectrophotometric assays were carried out with a PerkinElmer Lambda-35 spectrophotometer, online interfaced with a compatible PC 486DX microcomputer controlled by UV-Winlab software, where the kinetic data were recorded, stored, and analyzed. 43 ($22.14/Ounce) FREE delivery Mar 10 - 23 . 2. . Apply it in the morning and the evening, and since it is pretty gentle, you can also combine it with something like vitamin C or an AHA product. h9h$)V[4s>,P4;'Y)KRtwrVD>:URl_?;kk{(i&nKCu+hoZ?+z:E_mInw`Sa C`,Q ;]lCD3D \$/a"0.p#8}W9)149@c(f0^S}wor$bB\`^26^7.E%1`YY^L_R^y{#33fLc9M.C
nV;Mt;;Nm[=;2Y)- Nevertheless, only -arbutin produces an additional polar interaction between the ether oxygen atom of the glucopyranose ring and the same histidine residue. Hydroquinone is banned in Europe and Australia because it has dangerous bleaching properties. Features include: The product is known as a safer alternative to hydroquinone, which is a skin-lightening ingredient. Both alpha-Arbutin (-Arbutin) and beta-Arbutin (-Arbutin) suppresses melanin production that causes freckles and suntan. For example, if youre using 25 grams (0.88oz) of arbutin, multiply it by 5 to get 125 grams (4.4oz). In the meantime, there have been debates and validation studies about the mechanism of action of this substance as well as its skin lightening efficacy and safety. Arbutin is a glycoside; a glycosylated hydroquinone extracted from the bearberry plant in the genus Arctostaphylos among many other medicinal plants, primarily in the family Ericaceae. The experimental conditions were [E]0 = 300 nM, [H2O2]0 = 10 mM and [-arbutin]0 = 0.5 mM. Molecular docking was carried out around the active site of mushroom tyrosinase with and -arbutin as ligands. What are the benefits of using alpha arbutin? The retention times were 2.58, 2.61 and 3.64 min respectively. Alpha-arbutin is the most stable when the PH value is between 3.5~6.5. The color scheme is as described in Fig 8. Since the hydroquinone is slowly released, the pesky side effects and questionable toxicity of hydroquinone aren't really a big deal. The experimental conditions were [E]0 = 30 nM, [L-dopa]0 = 0.5 mM and -arbutin (mM): a) 0, b) 0.5, c) 2.5, d) 5, e) 12, f) 20 and g) 30. Kojic acid is a natural skin brightener that can gently illuminate your complexion. The temperature of the column was maintained at 25C. 2q
B~&$BHp#KU TOTAL EFFECTS Alpha Arbutin Skin Brightening lotion, Even skin tone Glowing Skin Cream. The results of these experiments do not agree with those described in the literature, which propose that -arbutin only inhibits the monophenolase activity and activates the diphenolase activity [37]. Action of tyrosinase on -arbutin in the presence of MBTH. 0000003978 00000 n
Alpha-arbutin is derived from bearberries and is a great ingredient that prevents the formation of melanin. It also contains hyaluronic acid. Bradfords method was used to determine the protein content using bovine serum albumin as standard [39]. Again, these are rare, even when using a high-concentration product. PLoS ONE 12(5): Stay up-to-date on the latest wellness trends, natural remedies, and more. All rights reserved. 0000036356 00000 n
Such possible adverse effects of and -arbutin should be studied in the future. It can help with environmental stress and dark spots, as well as skin inflammation. This was calculated by measuring the initial rate of change in absorbance at the max of the corresponding adduct, using different amounts of MBTH. To measure the activity of tyrosinase on L-tyrosine, the quantity of o-diphenol necessary to reach the steady state at time t = 0 was added. 0000001129 00000 n
The chromatogram was analysed using the program Agilent ChemStation (Agilent Technologies, Madrid). In conclusion, this work demonstrate that and -arbutin act as substrates of tyrosinase, since the enzyme is able to hydroxylate them and, subsequently, to oxidize the originated o-diphenol, as well as the hydroquinone, whose quinones are cytotoxic especially when they act on thiol compounds in the melanosome. Antonio Garcia-Jimenez, Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 45,383 times. The higher affinity of -arbutin could be explained by the additional conformational stability of the glucopyranose ring provided by three anchor points to the protein compared with two in -arbutin. Inset. Inset. Is Alpha Arbutin safe for long-term use? - Quora Receive your FREE Doctor-Approved Beauty Guide, A powerful daily ritual for glowing skin and strong hair & nails*. S4 Fig. B. Low concentrations of tyrosinase do not show catalytic activity on and -arbutin, so, these compounds are described as inhibitors. The experimental conditions were [E]0 = 300 nM, [MBTH]0 = 0.2 mM, [-arbutin]0 = 10 M and DMF 2%. S7 and S12 equations of Supporting Information demonstrate that the same maximum rate is obtained when the concentration of L-tyrosine or L-dopa increases and the concentration of the apparent inhibitor ( and -arbutin) remains stable (Fig 4 and S3 Fig). In addition to the applications of arbutins in cosmetics, they also have therapeutic applications such as in the treatment of infections of the urinary tract, and for their antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory properties and antitumor activity [18]. Always buy your alpha arbutin from a reputable dealer. Hydroquinone is considered the best available product for skin lightening, but its not necessarily safe, which is why alpha-arbutin is a better option. It acts as a natural blending foundation for the skin. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/ba\/Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-11.jpg\/v4-460px-Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-11.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/b\/ba\/Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-11.jpg\/aid11678782-v4-728px-Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-11.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. 2009 - 2023 MindBodyGreen LLC. The general consensus is that arbutin works well for not only all skin tones but also skin types. However, taking into account the action mechanism of the enzyme on monophenols, the action of tyrosinase can be facilitated in the presence of an o-diphenol or H2O2, which transform Em into Eox. Arbutin is a safer alternative to hydroquinone, with many of the benefits and not the side effects. Reduces The Appearance Of Acne Scars. Arbutin - Wikipedia We dont necessarily recommend using alpha arbutin powder because it can be complicated and you need tools like a scale to make sure youre getting the right combination. Otherwise, the two are very similar in their effects and benefits. Consider purchasing these products instead if you plan on regularly using alpha arbutin. The mobile phase was composed of water (A) and acetonitrile (B), both with formic acid 0.1%, and a multistep linear gradient: 030 min, 58% B; 3023 min, 895% B; 3235 min, 95% B. D = o-diphenol (L-dopa), A = Arbutin, Q = o-dopaquinone, P = o-quinone from or -arbutin, AOH = ortho-hydroxylated arbutin, Cr = dopachrome, Em = metatyrosinase, Ed = deoxytyrosinase and Eox = oxytyrosinase. Alpha-Arbutin blocks epidermal melanin synthesis by inhibiting enzymatic oxidation of Tyrosine and Dopa. These compounds can be attacked by Eox (oxy-tyrosinase), but not by Em (metatyrosinase), as can monophenols, so the oxy form of the enzyme must be produced first. There are plenty of skincare products on the market that are premixed with alpha arbutin. Its made with botanical and marine-based ingredients and it also contains hyaluronic acid. Expand to read more. The presence of the peroxide ion in the binuclear copper centre requires a different arrangement of the substrate [10]. Yes, it's that good. The ortho carbon is found 3.7 from an oxygen atom of the peroxide ion, close enough to allow substrate hydroxylation by the monophenolase activity. Therefore, the possible reaction of tyrosinase on and -arbutin in the presence of H2O2 must be taken into account to confirm the nature of these substrates [46]. This converts to 125 millilitres (0.53c) of water. I will talk about the color and packaging and tell you why they are NOT fake. Answer: Alpha Arbutin is a natural alternative to hydroquinone. For its part, -arbutin is obtained principally by enzymatic synthesis from hydroquinone or -arbutin [21,22]. WHAT IS THE PH LEVEL OF THIS PRODUCT? There are also users who say it helps with their otherwise very stubborn melasma. It must be taken into account that although the activity of the enzyme is almost zero at these concentrations at short times, the addition of hydrogen peroxide transforms Em to Eox (S7 Fig), which is able to hydroxylate arbutin, although the o-quinone that is originated is unstable. Myoc Alpha arbutin Powder-30gm 100% Pure Cosmetic Grade Raw Material with no adulterants For DIY and skincare industrial use- Skin Serums & Toners/ manage dark spots, Promotes clean & clear skin. Kinetic constants for the characterization of the activity of tyrosinase on -arbutin and -arbutin and chemical shift values of the carbon with the phenolic hydroxyl group. Analogous experiments with -arbutin were made (Fig 2B Inset), obtaining similar results and a different degree of inhibition (Fig 2B). KM and kcat values were obtained fitting by non-linear regression (Table 2) the initial rate values vs. the concentration of substrate to the Eq 1 (Fig 7 and 7 Inset). Alpha-Arbutin (Ingredient Explained + Products) | SkinSort Hydrolyzed sodium hyaluronate has a low molecular weight to moisturize deep into the skin. kU1#~PPedX@fxzukvXYc'fx|$j%\*mh~]lsM9u{. The distance from the ortho carbon of the phenolic ring to the oxygen atom of the peroxide ion is shown in blue lines. Bowman, Lee. Several analogs or derivatives of arbutin have been developed . Inset. The experimental conditions were [E]0 = 30 nM. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. Alpha arbutin, on the other hand, is a synthetic derivative of hydroquinonea powerful bleaching agent. Alpha arbutin lightens the skin tone and makes it look healthy and radiant by fading discoloration caused by inflammation and environmental stress. Through the targeting of tyrosinase, alpha arbutin is a skin brightener. 99% Alpha-Arbutin Powder Manufacturer In China - OCTAGONCHEM The data for V0 vs. [arbutin]0 were represented and fitted to the MichaelisMenten equation using the Sigma Plot 9.0 program for Windows [50], providing the maximum rate (Vmax) and the Michaelis constant (KM). Tyrosinase hydroxylates monophenols to o-diphenols through the action of Eox on A, originating the EoxA complex, which becomes EmAOH, which, in turn, can be oxidized giving rise to Ed and o-quinone (P) or Em and o-diphenol (AOH). where is the initial rate for the accumulation of the cromophore originated by the action of tyrosinase on arbutin, and the kinetic parameters are: = Michaelis constant for and -arbutin and is the maximum rate, which is equivalent to: The dissociation constants, Kd, calculated for the docking conformations shown in Fig 8 and S11 Fig are 4.4 mM and 2.4 mM for and -arbutin, respectively. Arbutin Its also gentle enough that you can combine it with other skincare products like vitamin C without worrying about interactions. Recording of the formation time of the o-quinone and its fast decay. Alpha-Arbutin blocks epidermal melanin synthesis by inhibiting enzymatic oxidation of Tyrosine and Dopa. Antonio Garcia-Jimenez, By inhibiting tyrosinase activity, alpha-arbutin is known to reduce melanin production in the skin. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/2\/27\/Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-12.jpg\/v4-460px-Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-12.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/2\/27\/Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-12.jpg\/aid11678782-v4-728px-Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-12.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
\n<\/p>
\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/36\/Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/3\/36\/Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-3.jpg\/aid11678782-v4-728px-Mix-Alpha-Arbutin-Powder-Step-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2023 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. When you have less tyrosine, you will have a more even complexion overall. Overall its considered safe to apply alpha arbutin to your skin with other ingredients. WHAT'S THE % OF ALPHA ARBUTIN? The product can work well for a variety of needs, but if you have age spots, hyperpigmentation or sun damage, consider using alpha-arbutin. 'qMSPZNr^pq7rrE CX})7=JQT.l@xsx,7^=>kl:5h'.Kw $}$N+s'6cbw 7:_2".3))'LNoO_ Subsequently, the same authors show that -arbutin does not inhibit the growth of cultured human melanoma cells, HMV-II, but it does inhibit melanin synthesis, meaning that the use -arbutin in cosmetics is effective and safe for treating hyperpigmentation disorders [30]. The 2 main reasons to use alpha arbutin are for skin lightening and covering blemishes from skin discoloration. When the initial concentration of enzyme is high, there is sufficient Eox to generate the o-diphenol of the arbutins, which is consumed with time and, so, the decay rate of these o-quinones is greater than the rate of formation and the process stops. The active admixture is a dermatological serum comprised of alpha arbutin, octyl stearate and polyolprepolymer-2, introduced onto the human skin in liposome form for ultra-deep penetration. The Alpha Arbutin 2% + Hyaluronic Acid 1% by Minimalist is a soothing skin tone enhancer. This was lent weight by the oxygen consumption test with TBC (Fig 5 and 5 Inset), L-dopa (S4 and S4 Inset Fig) or L-tyrosine (S5 and S5 Inset Fig). Its great for post-acne redness and scaring, as well as age spots. Graphical representation of the LineweaverBurk equation showing the inhibition of the diphenolase activity of tyrosinase in the presence of -arbutin 3 mM. Fig 5 shows the accumulation of o-tert-butylquinone, using TBC as substrate, in the absence (recording a) and the presence of increasing concentrations of -arbutin (b-d).